Ndi ndime ya Inflation Reduction Act, yomwe imaphatikizapo $ 370 biliyoni pa nyengo ndi mapulogalamu a mphamvu, akatswiri a ndondomeko akulosera za kuwonjezereka kwakukulu kwa kupanga mphamvu zoyera. Mphepo yakunyanja ndi gwero lodalirika la kukula.
Masiku ano, pali minda iwiri yokha yamphepo yam'mphepete mwa nyanja ku United States pafupi ndi Rhode Island ndi Virginia, yokhala ndi mphamvu yophatikiza ma megawati 42. Poyerekeza, Traverse Wind Center yatsopano ku Oklahoma ili ndi ma turbines 356 ndi 998 megawatts opangira mphamvu. Koma pali ntchito zambiri zomwe zikukula, makamaka pagombe la Atlantic.
Boma la Biden lazindikira madera awiri otukuka mphepo yamkuntho ku Gulf of Mexico omwe mpaka pano afotokozedwa bwino pakupanga mafuta ndi gasi. Monga gawo la njira yake yanyengo, Purezidenti Joe Biden adakhazikitsa cholinga chotumiza ma gigawatts 30 (30,000 megawatts) yamphamvu yamphepo yam'mphepete mwa nyanja pofika 2030 - yokwanira kupatsa mphamvu nyumba 10 miliyoni ndi magetsi opanda mpweya.
Monga ofufuza amphamvu ku Texas, tikuwona izi ngati gawo latsopano losangalatsa pakusintha kosalekeza kwa dziko lathu kukhala mphamvu zoyeretsa. Tikukhulupirira kuti mphamvu yamphepo yam'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Gulf of Mexico ikuyimira mwayi wapadera kudera lino lokhala ndi anthu ogwira ntchito amphamvu komanso zida zopangira mphamvu zothandizira kukwaniritsa zosowa za anthu zamphamvu zodalirika komanso zotsika.
Mphamvu zoyika mu 2021 mu megawatts. (Zojambula: The Conversation/CC-BY-ND, gwero: Global Wind Energy Council)
Bwanji kupita kunyanja? Mphamvu zamphepo zam'mphepete mwa nyanja zakula kwambiri ku US pazaka 15 zapitazi, kuphatikiza ku Texas, dziko lalikulu kwambiri lopanga mphamvu zamphepo. Kusavuta kulola ndi kupeza mphamvu yamphepo, mtengo woyikapo, kuchuluka kwa zinthu, mafuta aulere, komanso kutsika kwamitengo yamagetsi kumachepetsa mtengo wamagetsi kwa ogula. Mphamvu yamphepo imapewa kuipitsidwa kwakukulu kwa mpweya, kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha ndi mpweya woziziritsa wamadzi womwe umakhudzana ndi magetsi oyendera malasha, mafuta kapena gasi.
Koma mphepo yamkuntho ilinso ndi zovuta zake. Nthaŵi zambiri mphepo imakhala yofooka kwambiri m’nyengo yotentha kwambiri m’chilimwe pamene zoziziritsira mpweya zimagwira ntchito molimbika kuti anthu azizizira. Madera ambiri abwino kwambiri amphepo ali kutali ndi malo ofunikira magetsi. Mwachitsanzo, mafamu ambiri amphepo a m’chigawo cha Lone Star ali kumapiri a kumadzulo kwa Texas ndipo anamangidwa boma litawononga mabiliyoni ambiri pomanga mizere yotumizira anthu mtunda wautali kuti ipeze magetsi kumene ikufunika.
Mafamu ambiri abwino kwambiri amphepo zam'mphepete mwa nyanja ku US (madera a buluu wakuda) ali kutali ndi madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, koma mizindayi imatha kuthandizidwa ndi minda yamphepo yakunyanja. (Chitsime: NREL)
Mphamvu za dzuwa ndi mabatire zimatha kuthetsa ena mwa mavutowa. Koma kupanga magetsi akunyanja kulinso ndi maubwino ambiri.
Monga momwe mphepo yam'mphepete mwa nyanja imachepetsa mtengo wamagetsi kwa ogula, mphepo yam'mphepete mwa nyanja ikuyembekezeka kuchita chimodzimodzi.
Ndi anthu opitilira theka la anthu aku US omwe amakhala mkati mwa mtunda wa makilomita 50 kuchokera kumphepete mwa nyanja, minda yamphepo yam'mphepete mwa nyanja ili pafupi ndi malo ofunikira magetsi. Izi ndizowona makamaka ku Gulf of Mexico, komwe kuli mizinda ikuluikulu monga Houston ndi New Orleans, komanso kuchuluka kwa zomera ndi madoko a petrochemical. M'malo moyika mawaya apamtunda wa makilomita mazanamazana ndi mikangano yotsatiridwa ndi njira yoyenera ndi yogwiritsira ntchito nthaka, makampani amagetsi angagwiritse ntchito zingwe zapansi pamadzi kubweretsa mphamvu yamphepo ku mafakitale.
Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti mphepo yam'nyanja imagwirizana ndi mphepo yamtunda. Patsiku lotentha la chilimwe, kuthamanga kwa mpweya kumadzulo kwa Texas kunachepa ndipo mphepo za m'mphepete mwa nyanja zinayamba kuyenda pang'onopang'ono, zomwe zimathandiza kukwaniritsa zofunikira za chilimwe ndikuwongolera kudalirika kwa maukonde.
Msika wapadziko lonse wamagetsi am'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi wamphamvu kale, koma mpaka pano US kunalibe. Kuchuluka kwa nthaka kuno kwalimbikitsa kukula kwa mphamvu ya mphepo yamkuntho, koma kwafooketsa anthu obwera m’madzi.
Izi zikusintha chifukwa malamulo okhwima osungira m'malo akuluakulu amphepo monga Iowa amachepetsa mtunda womwe ma turbines angayikidwe, kukulitsa mtengo womanga ndikuchepetsa kupezeka kwa malo ovomerezeka. Kuvuta kwa gridi yamagetsi yaku US kukupangitsanso kukhala kovuta kubweretsa mphamvu yamphepo kumsika.
Takulandilani ku Gulf, nonse mumayamikira zomwe zikuchitikazi, komanso kuphatikizidwa ndi chithandizo chowonjezereka cha mphamvu yamphepo yam'mphepete mwa nyanja mu Climate Act, zikuwoneka ngati mphamvu yamphepo yaku US yakunyanja pomaliza pake yakonzekera zaka zabwino kwambiri. Timaona kuti Gulf of Mexico ndi malo abwino kwambiri ochitira bizinesi.
Kuzama kwa malowa, kutentha kwambiri komanso mafunde odekha n’kosavuta kuyerekeza ndi kuzizira komanso koopsa kwa nyanja ya North Sea, North Atlantic ndi m’mphepete mwa nyanja ku Japan, kumene mphamvu ya mphepo ya m’mphepete mwa nyanja yayamba kale. Kuzama kwamadzi mpaka 160 mapazi - pakali pano kuzama kwakukulu kwa ma turbine amphepo okhazikika - kumapitilira pafupifupi mamailo 90 m'mphepete mwa nyanja kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Texas ndi gombe lakumwera kwa Louisiana, ndi Nantucket ndi Munda Wamphesa wa Martha kumpoto chakum'mawa pafupifupi ma 40 mailosi.
Malo otsetsereka a pansi pa madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanjayi amadziwika kuti ndi otsetsereka pang'ono kuposa madera omwe aganiziridwa kale kuti atukuke m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Virginia. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ma turbine amphepo osakhazikika amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ambiri kuposa makina oyandama, kuchepetsa zovuta.
Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti Gulf Coast ili ndi malonda amphamvu a m'mphepete mwa nyanja omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mafuta ndi gasi ndi makampani ambiri apadera omwe amapereka ntchito monga kuwotcherera pansi pa madzi, kupanga mapulaneti, ndi maulendo a helikopita ndi mabwato kuti azitengera anthu ndi zipangizo kunyanja. Mu 2019, kupanga mafuta ndi gasi ku Gulf of Mexico kunapereka ntchito pafupifupi 345,000.
Mafamu amphepo ku Persian Gulf atha kugwiritsa ntchito zida zomwe zilipo. Pali pafupifupi ma kilomita 1,200 a zingwe zapansi pamadzi zomwe zimatha kusamutsa mphamvu yamphepo kupita kugombe. Mphamvu yamphepo imatha kuphatikizidwanso mu dongosolo lalikulu lamphamvu lomwe limaphatikizapo kupanga ndi kusungirako ma hydrogen obiriwira, komanso kugwidwa kwa kaboni.
Ogwira Ntchito Othandizira ndi Anthu Ovutika Timakhulupiriranso kuti mphamvu ya mphepo yamkuntho ingathandize kukwaniritsa zolinga za chilungamo cha chilengedwe. Kupanga magetsi oyeretsera komanso opanda mpweya wa kaboni kudzathandizira m'malo mwa makina oyenga komanso mafakitale omwe amakonza ndi kupanga magetsi kuchokera kumafuta otsalira. Malowa awononga kwambiri thanzi la mizinda ngati Houston ndi madera amitundu ku United States.
Kukula kwa mphamvu ya mphepo ku Gulf kumaperekanso mwayi woti anthu azigwira ntchito mosavuta pamene United States imachepetsa pang'onopang'ono kudalira mafuta. Louisiana yayamba kupanga malamulo amphepo zam'mphepete mwa nyanja m'madzi aboma ndipo ikufuna ndalama za federal ndi Arkansas ndi Oklahoma kuti akhazikitse malo oyeretsa a hydrogen.
Green imatanthawuza kuti kuvomereza kwa projekiti yamphamvu ku federal kukuchedwa, ndipo ntchito zamphepo m'madzi a federal zitha kutenga zaka kuti zitheke. Koma mapulojekiti omwe ali m'madzi aboma - mpaka 3 mailosi apanyanja kuchokera kugombe m'malo ambiri ndi ma 9 mailosi kuchokera kumtunda ku Texas - amatha kutha mwachangu.
Zambiri zimatengera ngati mayiko amphamvu monga Texas ndi Louisiana amawona mwayi wokulitsa mbiri yawo ngati atsogoleri amphamvu kumagetsi akunyanja. Monga taonera, kukwera kwa mphamvu ya mphepo ku Persian Gulf kudzakhala kwabwino m’derali, m’dzikolo, ndiponso m’nyengo ya padziko lonse.
Wolemba mabuku Michael E. Webber ndi pulofesa wa mphamvu pa yunivesite ya Texas ku Austin, wodzipereka kwa zaka zana za Josie.
Hugh Daigle ndi Pulofesa Wothandizira wa Petroleum ndi Geosystems Engineering ku yunivesite ya Texas ku Austin.
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-20-2022
